![]() Ministério da Educação/Unesco, Brasília, 232 p. However, this percentage represents an undercount, given that this figure does not include several Brazilian Native American communities that live in “isolated populations” and that some ethnic groups are in the process of ethnic reaffirmation following years of domination and cultural repression ( Luciano, 2006 Luciano GS (2006) O Índio Brasileiro: o que você precisa saber sobre os povos indígenas no Brasil de hoje. Although Brazil harbors a significant proportion of the Native Americans in South America, only 0.4% (896,000 people) of the total Brazilian population self-classify themselves as indigenous (‘‘indígena’’) ( IBGE, 2012a IBGE (2012a) O Brasil indígena. The Kaingang are the third most populous Native American group in Brazil the Kaingang live in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul ( Lindenau et al., 2016 Lindenau JDR, Salzano FM, Hurtado AM, Hill KR, Petzl-Erler ML, Tsuneto LT and Hutz MH (2016) Variability of innate immune system genes in Native American populations - Relationship with history and epidemiology. Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 95 p.). Territorialidade, interetnicidade, Sobreposições e Direitos Específicos. The Guarani are the most populous Brazilian Native American population, and they reside in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as in other Latin American countries (Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay) ( Comissão de Cidadania e Direitos Humanos, 2010 Comissão de Cidadania e Direitos Humanos da Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (2010) Coletivos Guarani no Rio Grande do Sul. Diário Oficial da União, 167, seção 1, p. Genotyping Native American population blood group variabilityīrazil has more than 207 million inhabitants and is one of the most diverse countries in the world as a result of successive migratory waves (European, African and Asian) in addition to the Native American populations already residing in Brazilian territory prior to colonization ( Leite et al., 2009 Leite FPN, Santos SEB, Rodríguez EMR, Callegari-Jacques SM, Demarchi DA, Tsuneto LT, Petzl-Erler ML, Salzano FM and Hutz MH (2009) Linkage disequilibrium patterns and genetic structure of Amerindian and non-Amerindian Brazilian populations revealed by long-range X-STR markers. ![]() ![]() Our study shows that the frequency of red blood cell polymorphisms in two Native American groups is very different from that of blood donors, when we evaluated blood groups different from ABO and Rh systems, suggesting that a better ethnic characterization of blood unit receptors is necessary. ![]() The main results indicated: (1) reduction in genetic distance over time of Kaingang and Guarani in relation to other Brazilian populations is suggestive of ongoing admixture (2) significant differences in some frequencies of blood group markers (especially Diego, Kidd and Duffy) in relation to Native Americans and individuals from different geographical regions of Brazil. Data showed high frequencies of DI*01 and FY*01 alleles: 11.8% and 57.6% in Kaingang and 6.8% and 75.7% in Guarani groups, respectively. The frequencies of Diego (c.2561C>T, rs2285644), Kell (c.578C>T, rs8176058), Duffy (c.125A>G, rs12075, c.1−67T>C, rs2814778) and Kidd (c.838A>G, rs1058396) variants in Kaingang (n=72) and Guarani (n=234) populations from Brazil (1990-2000) were obtained and compared with data from these populations sampled during the 1960s and with individuals of different Brazilian regions. The study presents comparisons between blood group frequencies beyond ABO and Rh blood systems in Native American populations and previously published data from Brazilian blood donors.
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